JESUS INTRODUCES THE NEW MARTIAL-ART
OF CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE
Matthew 5:38-42
Rev. Paul Wrightman 10/2/22
WE CONTINUE OUR EXPLORATION OF THE SINGLE
MOST IMPORTANT BODY OF TEACHING THAT WE HAVE
FROM JESUS: THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT.
IF ONE OF THE PRIMARY REASONS FOR DECIDING
IF A PARTICULAR TEACHING IS INSPIRED IS ITS STANDING
HEAD AND SHOULDERS ABOVE SIMILAR TEACHINGS OF THE DAY,
THEN THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT CONTAINS MANY
OF THE MOST INSPIRED TEACHINGS OF JESUS.
AND LOOKING AT THE SERMON ON THE MOUNT AS A WHOLE,
TODAY’S SCRIPTURE TEXT STANDS OUT AS A HIGH POINT
WITHIN THE SERMON ITSELF.
THIS IS BECAUSE NO ONE ELSE IN THE WESTERN WORLD
HAD EVER TAUGHT ANYTHING LIKE WHAT JESUS IS TEACHING HERE.
RETALIATION, OR EVEN MORE BLUNTLY, REVENGE, WAS THE NORM
IN JESUS’ DAY – JUST AS IT IS THE NORM IN OUR DAY.
MANY ANCIENT CULTURES HAD A LAW SIMILAR TO JESUS’ CITATION
OF “AN EYE FOR AN EYE AND A TOOTH FOR A TOOTH”
FROM THE HEBREW SCRIPTURES.
WHAT IS SURPRISING IS JESUS’ PREFACING OF THIS LAW
WITH THE WORDS, “YOU HAVE HEARD THAT IT WAS SAID. . .”
WHICH EMPHASIZES THE FACT THAT FOR JESUS,
THIS RATHER PRIMITIVE LAW HAD RUN ITS COURSE,
AND THAT NOW WAS THE TIME FOR SOMETHING NEW.
UNFORTUNATELY, THE CONTENT OF THIS SOMETHING NEW,
AS IS SO OFTEN THE CASE, HAS BEEN MISREPRESENTED
IN OUR ENGLISH TRANSLATION.
ON THE FACE OF IT, “DO NOT RESIST AN EVILDOER”
CONTRADICTS MUCH OF JESUS’ OWN MINISTRY,
IN WHICH HE OFTEN, AND POINTEDLY, DID JUST THAT.
JUST THINK OF HOW OFTEN AND WITH WHAT INTENSITY
JESUS RESISTED MANY OF THE SCRIBES AND PHARISEES.
THE TRANSLATORS HAVE MISSED THE NUANCES OF THE GREEK,
WHICH SHOULD BE TRANSLATED “BUT I SAY TO YOU,
DO NOT RESIST EVIL WITH EVIL.”
FAR FROM TEACHING HIS FOLLOWERS TO BE DOORMATS –
JESUS IS CHALLENGING HIS FOLLOWERS TO ACTIVELY RESIST,
TO TAKE ON, EVILDOERS – BUT IN A REVOLUTIONARY NEW WAY.
HE IS INVITING HIS DISCIPLES – INCLUDING US – TO PARTICIPATE
IN THE PRESENT AND COMING REIGN OF GOD
INSTEAD OF FURTHERING THE VICIOUS CYCLE
OF REVENGEFUL RETALIATION.
JESUS DARES US TO TAKE SURPRISING INITIATIVES,
CREATIVE AND DISARMING MEASURES THAT JUST MIGHT BREAK UP
HATRED AND DISTRUST, AND MOVE TOWARD
SOME DEGREE OF JUSTICE.
TO REALLY UNDERSTAND WHAT JESUS IS GETTING AT
WHEN HE TELLS US TO TURN THE OTHER CHEEK,
WE NEED TO UNDERSTAND THE CULTURE
OUT OF WHICH JESUS IS SPEAKING.
IN JESUS’ CULTURE, IT WAS FORBIDDEN TO TOUCH SOMEONE
WITH THE LEFT HAND.
IT WAS COMMON, HOWEVER, FOR PERSONS WHO WANTED
TO EMPHASIZE THEIR AUTHORITY TO SLAP THEIR
SO-CALLED “INFERIORS” WITH THEIR RIGHT HAND.
THE CUSTOM WAS FOR THE SLAP TO ORIGINATE
FROM THE RIGHT HAND OF THE SO-CALLED “SUPERIOR” PERSON,
AND TERMINATE ON THE LEFT CHEEK OF THE
SO-CALLED “INFERIOR” PERSON.
A SLAP WITH THE RIGHT HAND ON THE LEFT CHEEK
WOULD HAVE TO BE A SLAP WITH THE BACK OF THE HAND.
THIS BACK-HANDED SLAP WOULD BE A GRAVE INSULT
TO SOMEONE’S HONOR.
IT WAS A WAY OF CALLING SOMEONE WORTHLESS – OR WORSE –
WITHOUT HAVING TO USE WORDS.
IT WAS THE WAY OF MANY OF THE LEADERS
OF THE RELIGIOUS ESTABLISHMENT – THE SCRIBES,
THE PHARISEES, AND THE PRIESTS – TO KEEP THEIR SERVANTS
AND THOSE OF INFERIOR RANK, IN THEIR PLACE.
IT WAS THE WAY OF ROMAN SOLDIERS WITH JEWISH PEASANTS.
JESUS INSTRUCTS HIS FOLLOWERS TO CHALLENGE THIS ABUSIVE,
VIOLENT WAY WITH THE WAY OF CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE.
TO TURN THE OTHER CHEEK IN SUCH A SITUATION
IS NOT SIMPLY TO PUT UP WITH THE INSULT.
TO TURN ONE’S RIGHT CHEEK TO THE ABUSIVE PARTY
MEANT THAT THEY WOULD HAVE TO SLAP YOU
WITH THE PALM OF THEIR RIGHT HAND.
AND IN THAT CULTURE SLAPPING WITH THE PALM
OF THE RIGHT HAND WAS A GESTURE RESERVED
FOR ONE’S SOCIAL EQUALS.
THUS, TURNING THE OTHER CHEEK, FAR FROM BEING A SUBMISSIVE,
DOORMAT GESTURE, IS ACTUALLY A BOLD ASSERTION
OF ONE’S DIGNITY.
IT IS A WAY OF STANDING ONE’S GROUND;
IT IS A WAY OF CLAIMING EQUALITY;
IT IS A WAY OF MAKING THE OTHER PERSON STOP AND THINK.
IT MAY, OF COURSE, LEAD TO A SECOND SLAP;
OR IT MAY SURPRISE THE ARROGANT PERSON INTO REALIZING
THAT YOU POSSESS AN UNEXPECTED KIND OF PERSONAL PRESENCE.
WHAT WOULD JESUS’ CHALLENGE TO HIS DISCIPLES
TO “TURN THE OTHER CHEEK” LOOK LIKE TODAY?
IT WOULD LOOK EXACTLY LIKE MARTIN LUTHER KING
AND HIS FOLLOWERS NOT RETALIATING VIOLENTLY AGAINST
SEGREGATIONIST RACISTS, BUT MARCHING NONVIOLENTLY
IN THE FACE OF STONES, POLICE DOGS, BEATINGS, AND FIRE HOSES.
THIS SHOCKED OUR WORLD INTO A NEW KIND OF AWARENESS
OF THE INJUSTICE OF RACISM,
AND A NEW KIND OF RESPECT FOR THE SELF-DISCIPLINE
OF THE NONVIOLENT PROTEST.
THE SECOND EXAMPLE OF CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE
THAT JESUS SUGGESTS READS “IF ANYONE WANTS TO SUE YOU
AND TAKE YOUR COAT, GIVE YOUR CLOAK AS WELL.”
WITHOUT GETTING INTO THE COMPLICATED MEANING
OF COATS AND CLOAKS IN JESUS’ WORLD,
SUFFICE IT TO SAY THAT A MORE UNDERSTANDABLE
ENGLISH TRANSLATION WOULD READ:
“IF ANYONE WANTS TO SUE YOU FOR YOUR SHIRT,
LET HIM HAVE YOUR COAT AS WELL.”
THE POINT IS THAT YOU ARE BEING SUED IN COURT
FOR YOUR TUNIC, A NIGHTSHIRT-LIKE GARMENT,
WHICH IN PLAIN ENGLISH IS THE SHIRT OFF YOUR BACK.
WHAT WAS GOING ON IN JESUS’ DAY WAS THIS:
THE WEALTHY HAD RIGGED THINGS UP SO THAT NOT ONLY
WOULD THEY STRIP THE POOR OF THEIR LAND-HOLDINGS,
THEY WOULD LITERALLY STRIP THE POOR
OF THEIR CLOTHING AS WELL.
WE HAVE MULTIPLE RECORDS OF LAWSUITS IN WHICH
THE RICH WOULD SUE THE POOR FOR THEIR VERY UNDERGARMENT,
LEAVING THEM WITH ONLY THEIR COAT, OR CLOAK,
WITH WHICH TO COVER THEMSELVES.
FORTUNATELY THERE WAS A LAW AGAINST SUING A PERSON
FOR THEIR CLOAK, FOR THIS WAS OFTEN THE ONLY THING
A POOR PERSON HAD TO KEEP WARM AT NIGHT.
THE SHOCKINGLY UNJUST ECONOMIC SYSTEM IN THE TIME OF JESUS
LEFT MANY PEOPLE SO POOR THAT ALL THEY HAD WAS ONE PIECE
OF UNDERSLOTHING – WHAT WE WOULD CALL A TUNIC –
AND THEIR BATHROBE-LIKE COAT.
JESUS IS TALKING PRECISELY TO THESE POOR
AND SUGGESTS A SHOCKING ALTERNATIVE.
HE PROPOSES THAT IF A RICH PERSON TAKES YOU TO COURT
TO GET YOUR UNDERGARMENT, OR TUNIC, THAT YOU GIVE HIM
YOUR OUTER COAT AS WELL, THUS STANDING NAKED
BEFORE YOUR ACCUSER.
THE POINT IS TO REVEAL YOUR ACCUSER’S GREED
IN ALL ITS NAKEDNESS.
JESUS’ THIRD EXAMPLE OF CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE IS:
“IF ANYONE FORCES YOU TO GO ONE MILE,
GO ALSO THE SECOND MILE.”
HERE THE CONTEXT IS THAT IN JESUS’ DAY A ROMAN SOLDIER
OCCUPYING JUDEA AND GALILEE HAD THE RIGHT TO DEMAND
THAT A JEWISH PERSON CARRY HIS PACK ONE MILE.
NOT SURPRISINGLY, THE JEWISH PEOPLE NOT ONLY RESENTED
THE ROMAN OCCUPATION IN GENERAL,
BUT THIS FORCED CARRYING OF PACKS IN PARTICULAR.
WHAT TO DO?
THE ZEALOTS IN ISRAEL ADVOCATED VIOLENCE
AGAINST THE OCCUPYING FORCE.
THEY HAD ASSASSINATED QUITE A FEW ROMAN SOLDIERS,
PROVOKING MANY CRUCIFIXIONS OF THEIR OWN PEOPLE
BY THE ROMANS IN RETALIATION.
THE VICIOUS CYCLE OF VIOLENCE REMAINED INTACT.
JESUS ADVOCATED A NONVIOLENT SURPRISE:
CARRY THE DREADED PACK A SECOND MILE.
IN NONE OF THESE NONVIOLENT SURPRISES IS JESUS SAYING:
“COMPLY WITH OPPRESSION AND LIVE IN POWERLESS RESENTMENT.”
INSTEAD, HE TEACHES US TO DO SOMETHING ON OUR
OWN INITIATIVE, UNDER OUR OWN POWER, SOMETHING THAT WE
ARE NOT FORCED TO DO, SOMETHING SURPRISING THAT IS
IN ITSELF A FORM OF RESISTANCE.
IT IS A NONVIOLENT INITIATIVE THAT CONFRONTS THE INJUSTICE.
IT SHIFTS FROM RESENTFUL POWERLESSNESS TO THE POWER
OF OUR OWN SURPRISING INITIATIVE, AN INITIATIVE WHICH CALLS
OUR ADVERSARY TO A WHOLE NEW LEVEL OF CONSCIOUSNESS
OF WHAT HE OR SHE IS ACTUALLY DOING.
IN THE SEGREGATIONIST SOUTH OF THE 1950’S,
AFRICAN-AMERICAN PEOPLE FELT POWERLESS.
THEN, IN THE 1960’S, MILLIONS CARRIED OUT BOYCOTTS
AND MARCHES AND FILLED THE JAILS, WITH AMAZING
SELF-DISCIPLINE, WITH NO ACTION OF REVENGEFUL VIOLENCE.
THIS CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE TURNED THE SEGREGATED WORLD UPSIDE DOWN, AND MADE A POWERFUL APPEAL
TO THE WHOLE NATION’S SENSE OF JUSTICE.
ALTHOUGH THE GOSPELS DO NOT MENTION IT, I STRONGLY SUSPECT
THAT JESUS HIMSELF HAD PLENTY OF OPPORTUNITY
TO PERSONALLY PRACTICE WHAT HE PREACHED.
WE KNOW FROM HISTORY THAT WHEN JESUS
WAS ELEVEN YEARS OLD, THERE WAS A TEMPORARILY
SUCCESSFUL JEWISH UPRISING IN WHICH ZEALOTS OCCUPIED
THE CITY OF SEPPHORIS, ONLY FOUR MILES DISTANT
FROM NAZARETH.
IN RETALIATION, THE ROMANS SENT A LEGION,
BURNED THE CITY TO THE GROUND, AND, AS A WARNING
TO THE REST OF THE PEOPLE IN GALILEE, CRUCIFIED 2000
RANDOMLY CHOSEN PEOPLE ALONG THE MAJOR ROAD
THAT CONNECTED BOTH SEPPHORIS AND NARZARETH
WITH THE WIDER WORLD.
JESUS MUST HAVE WALKED THIS ROAD AND SEEN
THESE CRUCIFIXIONS FIRST-HAND.
THE ROMANS BECAME PARTICULARLY ABUSIVE AFTER THIS REVOLT,
AND I CAN SEE JESUS BEING CONSCRIPTED TO CARRY
A ROMAN SOLDIER’S PACK THE REQUIRED MILE,
PROBABLY NOT JUST ONCE, BUT MANY TIMES.
I CAN ALSO SEE HIM, EVEN AS A YOUNG ADULT,
OFFERING TO CARRY THAT PACK AN EXTRA MILE, AND RECEIVING
SOME SURPRISING RESPONSES FROM ROMAN SOLDIERS AS A RESULT.
LET US NOW FAST FORWARD TO JESUS’ PUBLIC MINISTRY,
A MINISTRY IN WHICH HE TAUGHT HIS DISCIPLES TO PRACTICE
WHAT WE’VE JUST HEARD.
IMAGINE, IF YOU WILL, ONE OF HIS DISCIPLES
BEING ROUGHLY ORDERED TO CARRY A ROMAN SOLDIER’S PACK
FOR THE REQUIRED MILE, AND THEN SIMPLY CONTINUING TO WALK
WITH THAT ROMAN SOLDIER, PACK STILL ON BACK.
IMAGINE, FURTHER, THAT JESUS’ DISCIPLE
ENGAGES THE ROMAN SOLDIER IN CONVERSATION.
ROMAN SOLDIERS MIGHT LEARN HOW JEWISH PEOPLE
FELT ABOUT THE OCCUPATION,
AND JEWISH PEOPLE MIGHT LEARN HOW ROMAN SOLDIERS
FELT ABOUT OCCUPYING A RESENTFUL POPULATION.
A DISCIPLE MIGHT EVEN ASK ABOUT THE ROMAN SOLDIER’S FAMILY.
WE CAN IMAGINE A CERTAIN ROMAN CENTURION
ASKING WHY THIS DISCIPLE OF JESUS IS CARRYING HIS PACK
A SECOND MILE.
WE CAN IMAGINE THE DISCIPLE, IN TURN, DESCRIBING JESUS’ WAY
OF DISCIPLESHIP AND PEACEMAKING, AND HOW JESUS WAS HEALING
NOT ONLY HATRED AGAINST THE ROMANS,
BUT ALSO LITERALLY HEALING THE BLIND, THE LEPERS,
THE PARALYZED, AND PEOPLE WITH ALL SORTS OF ILLNESSES.
WE CAN IMAGINE THIS PARTICULAR ROMAN CENTURION
THEN SEARCHING OUT JESUS FOR HIMSELF AND BEGGING HIM
TO HEAL HIS SICK SERVANT, TELLING JESUS THAT HE HAD FAITH
THAT HE COULD DO THIS, AND JESUS COMMENDING THE ROMAN
FOR THAT FAITH.
IN SHORT, CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE CAN ACCOMPLISH THINGS
THAT NO AMOUNT OF VIOLENCE COULD ACCOMPLISH.
THE FOURTH TRANSFORMING INITIATIVE, THAT OF GIVING
TO THOSE WHO BEG, TURNS THE TABLES.
NOW WE, THE DISCIPLES, ARE NOT CONFRONTING AN OPPRESSOR;
INSTEAD, A PERSON POORER THAN OURSELVES CONFRONTS US.
AGAIN, JESUS CALLS ON US TO DO SOMETHING
QUITE OUT OF THE ORDINARY.
INSTEAD OF CURSING THE PERSON IN NEED –
AS MANY WOULD HAVE DONE IN JESUS’ DAY –
OR IGNORING THE APPEAL – AS MANY DO IN OUR DAY –
JESUS ENCOURAGES US TO HONOR THE REQUEST.
THIS SIMPLE ACT OF GRACIOUSNESS WOULD HAVE BEEN
SO SURPRISING TO THOSE IN NEED IN JESUS’ DAY,
AND WOULD BE SO SURPRISING TO THOSE IN NEED IN OUR DAY –
THAT IT WOULD BE EXPERIENCED AS A TASTE OF GOD’S KINGDOM
HERE ON EARTH.
THE COMMON ELEMENT IN ALL THE EXAMPLES MENTIONED
IN TODAY’S SCRIPTURE READING IS THE ELEMENT OF SURPRISE.
PEOPLE THEN AND PEOPLE NOW ARE SO USED TO VERBAL
AND PHYSICAL VIOLENCE THAT WHEN SOMEONE EMBODIES
A CREATIVELY NONVIOLENT ALTERNATIVE THEY, IN TURN,
ARE SOMETIMES SO SURPRISED THAT THEY DROP
THEIR VIOLENT BEHAVIOR.
FORTUNATELY WE DON’T LIVE IN A PLACE WHERE SLAPPING
IS CONDONED OR WHERE WE HAVE TO CARRY THE GEAR
OF AN OCCUPYING SOLDIER.
BUT THE PRINCIPLE OF CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE AND THE ELEMENT
OF SURPRISE ARE STILL VERY RELEVANT TO SITUATIONS
WE ENCOUNTER EVERY DAY.
I’D LIKE TO SHARE WITH YOU A HUMOROUS EXAMPLE
OF CREATIVE SURPRISE FROM A RECENT ISSUE
OF THE CHRISTIAN CENTURY.
MIKE GRAVES, OF MISSOURI, WRITES:
“WHEN A COLLEAGUE AND I WERE INVITED TO BE PART OF
A FORMER STUDENT’S INSTALLATION SERVICE, WE AGREED
ENTHUSIASTICALLY AND TRAVELED TOGETHER TO HIS TOWN.
JOE HAD MANY FAMILY MEMBERS COMING TO THE SERVICE,
SO WE WERE SURPRISED WHEN HE TOLD US THAT
WE WERE ALL GOING TO EAT OUT THAT EVENING.
I WONDERED HOW 19 OF US WERE GOING TO GET
IN AND OUT OF A RESTAURANT IN TIME FOR CHURCH.
I SUGGESTED THAT MY COLLEAGUE AND I GO AHEAD
TO THE RESTAURANT AND PUT OUR NAME ON THE WAITING LIST.
THE RESTAURANT WAS PACKED. I WIGGLED THROUGH THE CROWD
TO THE FRONT OF THE LINE AND FOUND AN AMISH MAN
STANDING BEHIND AN OLD PULPIT.
NEXT TO HIM WAS A HAND-CARVED SIGN: ‘PLEASE DO NOT
GIVE YOUR NAME UNTIL EVERYONE IN YOUR PARTY IS PRESENT.’
I UNDERSTOOD THE REASON FOR THE RESTAURANT’S POLICY,
BUT I ALSO KNEW THAT IT WOULD TAKE A LONG TIME
FOR A TABLE FOR 19 TO BE READY.
I SAID, ‘YES, THE NAME IS GRAVES, PARTY OF 19.’
THE AMISH MAN WITH HIS BEARD AND HAT LOOKED AT ME
AND SAID, ‘AND IS YOUR WHOLE PARTY PRESENT?’
HALTINGLY I SAID, ‘YES.’
OK, I LIED. BUT IT WASN’T AS IF I WERE TRYING
TO BEAT THE SYSTEM. AFTER ALL, EVEN THE SMALLER PARTIES
WERE WAITING FOR 30 MINUTES, SO WE’D BE PUTTING IN
OUR WAITING TIME TOO. NO BIG DEAL.
BUT MY COLLEAGUE DISAGREED.
‘YOU LIED TO THE AMISH?’ HE SAID.
‘YOU SHOULDN’T LIE TO THE AMISH.’
‘BY THE TIME THEY CALL OUR NAME,’ I SAID,
‘JOE AND HIS FAMILY WILL BE HERE.’
TWO MINUTES LATER CAME THE ANNOUNCEMENT:
‘GRAVES, PARTY OF 19.’
I WENT BACK TO THE AMISH MAN AND SAID,
‘YES, THE GRAVES PARTY – WELL, UH, WE’RE NOT ALL HERE YET.’
I WAS NERVOUS NOW.
THE MAN LOOKED ME IN THE EYES AND ASKED, ‘DID YOU LIE?’
DEAD SILENCE.
IT WAS AS IF WE WERE IN CHURCH. THE PEOPLE
IMMEDIATELY AROUND US WAITED, WIDE-EYED AND WONDERING.
I REPLIED SOFTLY, ‘YES, I LIED.’
‘COME WITH ME,’ HE SAID.
I COULDN’T IMAGINE WHAT HE WAS GOING TO DO.
WHAT KIND OF PUNISHMENT DO THE AMISH
HAND OUT TO LIARS?
I PICTURED STOCKS OR CANING.
WE FOLLOWED HIM THROUGH THE RESTAURANT TO THE BACK,
WHERE HE OPENED THE DOOR TO A BANQUET ROOM.
A HUGE TABLE WAS SET WITH BREAD AND JAMS.
HE OFFERED A GENTLE SMILE.
‘HAVE SOME BREAD. YOU ARE FORGIVEN.’”
(PAUSE)
MAY GOD BLESS OUR OWN ATTEMPTS TO PRACTICE
CREATIVE NONVIOLENCE AND OUR OWN INSPIRATIONS
TO SURPRISE PEOPLE WITH GOD’S GRACE.
AMEN.